Description: In The Politics of Inclusion and Exclusion, Yujeong Yang investigates this question by examining locally divergent patterns of pension expansion in China. Drawing on interviews, surveys, and anecdotal evidence, Yang argues that the answer lies in local citizenship institutions and the ability of local governments to deny informal workers access to citizenship membership. Extending her insights beyond China, Yang offers a valuable framework for understanding the shifting dynamics of welfare politics in the context of growing labor informalization, the rise of the gig economy, and global migration.
